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Background: Out-of-wedlock childbearing is a global phenomenon that has lifelong consequences on the lives of both mothers and their children. The aim of this study is to identify the sociodemographic characteristics, causes, and consequences of outof-wedlock pregnancy among single mothers in Khartoum, Sudan. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at the Mygoma Orphanage Center (MOC) and Shamaa Rehabilitation Center (SRC) using convenience sampling among 200 participants. A validated questionnaire with 25 items was used to collect data. The data were entered into Epi-Data Manager and analyzed using the SPSS. Results: The study found that most of the single mothers in Khartoum who gave birth out of wedlock were young and had just completed their university education. Most of them discovered their pregnancy during the second or third trimester, and nearly half of them did not receive any antenatal care. The majority of the children born to these mothers were preterm and had a low birth weight. Additionally, many mothers reported experiencing social stigma and rejection from their families due to their out-of-wedlock pregnancy. The study also highlighted loneliness, stress, and romantic relations as the main causes of out-of-wedlock pregnancy among single mothers in Khartoum, Sudan Conclusion: The study provides useful insights into the sociodemographic characteristics, causes, and consequences of out-of-wedlock pregnancy among single mothers in Khartoum, Sudan. Social stigma and lack of support were identified as significant barriers to the reintegration of single mothers and their children into society. Future research should focus on investigating the long-term effects of out of-wedlock pregnancy on mothers and their children
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Cross-Sectional Studies , Single-Parent Family , Pregnant WomenABSTRACT
Accurate diagnosis and proper treatment planning should be established before making any prosthetic rehabilitation to restore the good appearance of the tooth, a better smile, phonetics, and to achieve perfect occlusion/mastication. We wanted to evaluate the changes of surface treatment protocols on the tensile bonding strength between enamel and ceramic restorations (lithium disilicate).METHODSA total of 20 freshly extracted, non-carious teeth were stored in normal saline solution at 25°C until used. Clean enamel surfaces 2 mm X 2 mm were obtained from the extracted teeth by using wheel diamond bur. Each enamel side received one E-max sprue, so four sprues of different surface treatment protocols per tooth (G1 TS: Etching, bonding, and curing. CS: Etching, monobond, curing, overall light cure) (G2 TS: Bonding, curing, self-etch / self-adhesive resin cement, overall light cure. CS: Monobond etch and prime) (G3 TS: Etching, bonding without curing. CS: Etching, monobond, curing, overall light cure) (G4 TS: Etching, bonding, curing. CS: Etching, monobond, bonding, curing, light-cure resin cement, overall light cure). Tensile bonding strength was measured using the Instron testing machine. One-way ANOVA test was used to analyse the data.RESULTSThe highest mean was observed in Group 3 (124.34±43.47) followed by Group 1 (104.29±50.09), which is control group. In contrast, the lowest mean was observed in Group 2 (83.64 ± 53.56) and Group 4 (94.14±57.91). The results of ANOVA test have shown a significant difference between the surface treatment groups at 5% significance level.CONCLUSIONSHydrofluoric acid and primer/silane coupling agent create a porous surface on the ceramic that allow a good interaction with silane coupling agent.
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The concept of dental implant is receiving more attention globally. Tooth implant is one of the most significantmethods, which replaces the tooth in the natural way. Considering the economic and social factors, selection ofappropriate treatment has now become difficult. Due to the use of different implant related materials, dentalimplant processes are found to be more cost-effective in comparison to the conventional methods. The study aimsto systematically review previously done literature work and to analyze the association of economic and clinicalimplications of tooth implant support prosthesis (TISP). The current study has adopted qualitative secondaryapproach for data collection and analysis. The findings of this study showed evidence that tooth-implantprostheses are one of the efficient treating methods and has often undergone through failures due to differenttreatment factors. The study concluded that together with cost-effectiveness, the efficiency of treatment methodsmust be taken into consideration in the clinical practices.
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Alveolar bone loss has now been identified as a growing problem among various periodontal diseases. Severalrestoration methods are being adopted depending upon the type of periodontal diseases. The present study aimedto investigate different causes and effects of alveolar bone loss along with the impact of restoration types onalveolar bone loss. A systematic review approach is followed to propose results for the intended objectives. Atotal of 14 studies were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria for systematic review analysis thatfalls in the duration between Jan 2000 to Jan 2019. Ovid database, EMBASE, and Web of Science were used tosearch the given studies. Keywords such as; prostheses or restoration, loss of alveolar bone and types ofrestoration, orthodontic tooth movement or alveolar ridge preservation were selected. The articles providinginformation about the preservation of alveolar bone in clinical context, periodontal health conditions, and bonedensity around implants were included in the review; whereas, the articles with abstracts only and the remodelingprocess of implants were excluded. The risk of biasness was analyzed through Cochrane Collaboration’s tool.Reasons such as overhang fillings, impact of statins, subgingival calculus, oxidative stress, etc. were identified.Besides, the given studies are significant in indicating the effectiveness of different restoration types. The studyconcluded that there is a need to provide clinical trials regarding the impact of restoration types and causes ofalveolar bone loss.
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Objective: In the healthcare setting, periodontal disease is among common dental disease resulting in tooth loss. Given its increasedprevalence, the study determines the correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal conditions using radiographic data. Methods: Across-sectional study design was used and radio-graphic data of 1000 patients (aged 16 years or above) from King Abdul Aziz UniversityFaculty of Dentistry (KAUFD) was assessed. The patients were divided into four groups based on their type of restoration; such asamalgam (77), composite (65), a crown (44), and temporary (11). Data was collected through questionnaire-based approach, which wasanalyzed statistically using SPSS. Results: Majority of the patients had fair oral hygiene (53.8%). The correlation analysis of oral hygienewith the restoration surface (p-value 0.571) and control tooth surface (p-value 0.476) was insignificant. Similar results were obtained forcase tooth (crown restoration) (p-value, .356) and control tooth (p-value, .925). However, there was significant effect of oral hygiene onrestored tooth bone loss (p-value, 0.004) and control tooth bone loss (p-value, 0.003). Conclusion: The study presents instigating initiativesto reinforce oral hygiene and educate general masses about periodontal conditions and its prevention
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Abstract In this study, mango seed kernels extract contained a considerable amount of phenolics and flavonoids (17,400 and 3325 mg/100 g seed, respectively). The HPLC profiling revealed that hesperidin was the major phenolic compound of the mango seed kernels extract. This is the first report find hesperidin in mango extracts. The phenolic compounds of mango seed kernels extract were effective in scavenging free radicals of DPPH and ABTS with IC50 values of 47.3 and 7.9 µg/ml, respectively. The total antioxidant activity of mango seed kernels extract based on the reduction of molybdenum was also measured. The phenolic compounds of mango seed kernels extract potentially inhibited the protease, fibrinogenase, phospholipase A2, l-amino acid oxidase, hyaluronidase, and hemolytic activities of the most dangerous Cerastes cerastes and Echis coloratus viper venoms. The phenolic compounds of mango seed kernels extract could completely neutralize the hemorrhage and lethality of both venoms in experimental animals. It could be concluded that the mango seed kernels extract phenolic compounds with potential antioxidant activity are considered as a new avenue in the viper bite treatment.
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The incidence of opportunistic fungal infection has increased dramatically in the past few decades, especially in immunocompromised hosts. Candida albicans the major cause of invasive candidiasis, has become one of the pathogens most frequently isolated from the blood of post-operative and imunocompromised patients in the last decade with a mortality rate of about 50%. Diagnosis of candidemia or hematogenous candidiasis has been problematic due to the low positivity of blood cultures, with the rate of recovery from blood cultures ranged between 40-60%. The development of DNA-based methods for detection of candida provides an alternative and potentially more sensitive means for diagnosing disseminated candidiasis. The aim of the work was detection of candidemia in children with hematological malignancies and determination of Candida species using PCR-REA in comparison with fungal blood culture. Thirty-two [32] children [20 males and 12 females] with hematological malignancies their ages were below 18 years; were admitted at Oncology Unit of Pediatric Department of Tanta University Hospitals and were subjected to complete history taking, thorough clinical examination complete blood picture and bone marrow examination. They were tested for candidemia by conventional blood culture, and polymerase chain reaction [PCR] method with appropriate restriction enzyme analysis [REA] of the resultant amplicons. The study revealed that the PCR-REA method detected that 8 patients [25% of the examined Population] had Positive results for candidemia with Candida albicans was the most common species found in 50% of patients with candidemia, while conventional blood culture detected candidemia in only 2 patients [6.25% of the examined population]. However, emergence of other Candida species were noticed. This study also revealed that patients suffering from fever of unknown origin [FUO], severe neutropenia dysphagia, and mucosal barrier injuries are at high risk to develop candidemia. Immunocompromised patients especially those at high risk to develop candidemia such as hematological malignant patients should be examined for candidemia using PCR-REA technique to obtain rapid and accurate results
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Candidiasis/diagnosis , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Culture Techniques , Child , Immunocompromised Host , Fungi , Restriction MappingABSTRACT
Relatively new findings confirmed that obesity is independently associated with oxidative stress. So the aim of this work was to determine the beneficial effects of a designed soup containing certain dried vegetables rich in antioxidants, mainly beet root and others, in addition to a balanced low caloric diet in the management of simple obesity and its potential complications. The effect of this soup as a protective antioxidant was evaluated. Chemical analysis of the mixture was done for determination of the macronutrients, important micronutrients and total phenolic compounds. Sixteen obese female volunteers aged 20-50 years were recruited, eight patients were instructed to prepare and consume beet-root soup [30 g dried vegetable/day] plus hypocaloric diet [900-1000 Kcal], while the rest followed the diet only and served as controls. Relevant anthropometric measurement s and selected biochemical parameters were done at the start and then after two and four weeks. The results showed that both regime ns decreased body weight but the group who used the beet root soup lost more body fat [BFM] while more fat free mass [FFM] was preserved -9.66, + 1.09, respectively. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased more among soup consumers. The final results of the serum lipids measured as total cholesterol [TC], low density lipoprotein-cholesterol [LDL-C], high density lipoprotein-cholesterol [HDL- C] and triglycerides [TG], all showed a good improvement in both groups except serum TG which was slightly increased among the control group. The anti oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the soup were quite apparent in the increased level of both the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase [SOD] and glutathione peroxidase [GPX], and in the decreased level of C-reactive protein [CRP] among the first group, and a sustained significant positive correlation between CRP and both BFM and abdominal I circumference [P<0.05- 0.01]. The soup maintained the minerals levels in the normal range especially that of the calcium. In conclusion, this natural soup proved to be effective in the management of obesity and hence avoid or postpone its complications. This soup could be consumed for long periods of time in an interrupted fashion
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Eighty female patients with infertility due to tubal factor [whether primary or secondary] diagnosed on clinical, laboratory, radiological, and laparoscopic bases, were studied for mycobacterial infections of the fallopian tubes and the endometrium using microbiological and histopathological methods. Nine strains of genus mycobacteria were isolated from 9 cases of the studied group [11.25%]. Isolated mycobacterial strains were found to be : 6 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 2 Mycobacterium bovis and the last one was found to be atypical mycobacterium. The isolated 8 strains of tubercule bacilli were sensitive at least to 3 of the following drugs Rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, streptomycin and paraaminosalysilic acid [PAS] respectively. The atypical strain of the mycobacteria was resistant to the mentioned drugs. From 12 histopathological samples showing granulomas suggestive of tuberculosis; 8 mycobacterial strains were isolated whereas no histopathological findings were detected in the case from whom atypical strain was isolated
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Tuberculosis, Female Genital/drug therapy , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Endometrium , Fallopian Tubes , Rifampin , Isoniazid , Streptomycin , EthambutolABSTRACT
In a comparative study, 40 children were included in 2 equal groups to study the characteristics of either propofol or thiopentone as a sole anaesthetic agent in minor day-stay surgical procedures. Propofol was given in a dose of 2.5 mg.Kg[-1], while thiopentone was given in a dose of 4-5 mg.Kg[-1]. It was found that respiratory rate, systolic, diatolic and mean arterial blood pressures decreased significantly from the preinduction values [P< 0.05]. The heart rate decreased significantly after propofol, while it showed a significant increase after thiopentone administration. The incidence of pain on injection was significantly more in propofol than in thiopentone injection. Airway obstruction was seen in 25% of propofol group, while it was manifested in 40% of thiopentone group. Mild laryngeal spasm was manifested in 5% of propofol group patients, while it was seen in 15% of thiopentone group patients. Apnoea occurred in 25% of propofol group children and in 10% of thiopentone group children. It was of longer duration in the former group. Propofol was associated with significantly rapid and clear recovery from anaesthia than thiopentone, otherwise it offers no advantage over thiopentone as a short-acting anaesthetic agent
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Propofol , PhysiologyABSTRACT
Fifty adult male albino rats were used to study the effect of orogastric administration of a mild irritant; 0.3 NHcl on the development of stress ulcer induced by restraint, cold-restraint and water immersion as compared to a control nonstressed group. All forms of stress produced a significant decrease in volume, total acid output and pepsin output with no significant change in acid or in pepsin concentrations of gastric juice. A significant decrease in gastric mucosal PGE2 was also observed and would account for the gross mucosal lesions found in the stomachs of the stressed groups. Orogastric administration of 0.3 NHcl had no effect on the gastric juice changes produced by the stressors. However, it reduced markedly the various scores of the ulcer lesions probably secondary to preservation of gastric mucosal PGE2, and adaptive cytoprotection
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , General Adaptation SyndromeABSTRACT
Eighty adult male albino rats of local strain with average weight of 220 gm were used to investigate the effect of insulin and/or oral hypoglycaemic drugs on serum glucose, total triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoptotein cholesterol [HDL-chol], and low density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-chol] levels. The animals became diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of a lonely dose of streptozotocin. Except the control normal and control diabetic non-treated groups, all other six groups were subjected to different lines of treatment of oral sulfonylurea hypoglycaemic agent [glibenclamide], biguanide hypoglycaemic agent [metformin] and subcutaneous protamine zinc insulin. It was found that diabetic non-treated group showed higher serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and [LDL-chol] levels. On the other hand, [HDL-chol] level was lower as compared with the control group. Treatment with the above mentioned hypoglycaemics, alone and in combination, reduced serum glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL-chol, while HDL-chol increased to some extent. This effect may be explained by the fact that streptozotocin destroys the pancreatic beta cells, so glibenclamide loses its main action on beta cells completely and acts only by its peripheral mechanism. On the other hand, metformin caused significant reduction in serum glucose and lipid profile possibly because its main action is insulin independent. It was found that the addition of either glibenclamide or metformin to insulin treatment improved and prolonged its effect on these criteria
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Insulin , Biomarkers , BiomarkersABSTRACT
Eighty adult male albino rats of local strains with average weight of 220 gm were used to investigate the effect of insulin and /or oral hypoglycemic drugs on the O2 consumption of brain in diabetic rats. It was found that glibenclamide and insulin, alone and in combination, improved the brain O2 consumption. On the other h and, Metformin decreased the O2 consumption of the brain and decreased the increasing O2 consumption caused by both glibenclamide and insulin possibly by stimulating the anaerobic glycolysis of the cells